Virion
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A virion (plural viria or virions), is an inert virus particle capable of invading a cell. Upon entering the cell, the virion disassembles, and the genetic material of the virus takes control of the cell infrastructure, enabling the virus to replicate.[1]
While the term "virion" is used solely to describe the structure of virus particles outside of cells, the broader term "virus" also includes biological properties such as the infectivity of a virion.[2]
Components
[edit]A virion consists of one or more nucleic acid molecules (genome: single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or -DNA) and coatings (a capsid and possibly a viral envelope). The virion may contain other proteins (for example with enzymatic activities) and/or nucleoproteins.[3]
capsid
[edit]In the vast majority of viruses, the DNA and RNA components are packed into a protein capsule, the capsid.[3] The capsid proteins are often differentiated into major and minor capsid proteins (MCP and mCP).
In exceptional cases, there are also viruses without a capsid (i.e., true virions), such as the RNA viruses of the Narnaviridae and the viroids of the Pospiviroidae (with the Citrus Exocortis Viroid and the Citrus Bark Crack Viroid).
If the genome consists of several segments, these are usually packaged together in a capsid (example influenza viruses), in some viruses the segments can also be individually packaged in capsids (example Nanoviridae).
In many viruses, the virions have icosahedral symmetry, which can be ideally isometric or elongated. Many virions also have other shapes:
- Inoviridae and Filoviridae: thread-like/filamentous/helical
- Ampullaviridae: bottle-shaped
- Bicaudaviridae, Fuselloviridae, Halspiviridae and Thaspiviridae: spindle- to lemon-shaped
- Poxviridae and Ovaliviridae: ovoid to ellipsoid
- or as in the genus Gammaretrovirus and other Retroviridae such as HIV, roughly round to complexly multiform (pleomorphic).
From microscopy there are indications of many more special morphotypes.
Tail
[edit]In some groups of viruses - such as the class Caudoviricetes ("tail viruses") and the genus Tupanvirus - the capsid carries an appendage called the "tail".
The tail of the Caudoviricetes is usually divided into
- neck, possibly with collar a m.o.w. long, possibly contractile tail sheath (engl. )
- a base plate
- possibly tail fibers/tail spikes (engl. ).
The latter are used to establish contact with the host cell. The tail of these viruses serves as an injection device to introduce their own genome into the host cell.[4] The Caudoviricetes tail is also divided into and (MTP and mTP), for example in the Enterobacteria phage lambda,[5] in addition there may be a (TSP)[6] or (TFP).
Even in viruses with helical morphology (such as the Rudiviridae and Ahmunviridae), the terminal fiber proteins responsible for the receptor binding are called tail fiber proteins (tail fiber proteins).[7][8]
Spikes
[edit]So-called spikes (peplomers) can protrude from the capsid, as in the Coronaviridae, the Tectiviridae and others. These are used to establish contact with the host cell.
In viruses of the genus Chlorovirus, the virions have a single spike that serves as an injection site. pparat serves; extendable injection apparatus are found in virions of the family Tectiviridae.
Viral envelope
[edit]In many virus species the virion also has an outer lipid membrane, the viral envelope.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ Reynolds & Theodore 2023, p. 24.
- ^ Hof, Herbert; Dörries, Rüdiger (2005). Bob, Alexander; Bob, Konstantin (eds.). Medical Microbiology (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 135. ISBN 3-13-125313-4.
- ^ a b c N. J. Dimmock, Andrew J. Easton, Keith Leppard: Introduction to Modern Virology. 6th edition, Wiley & Blackwell, Malden 2007, ISBN 978-1-4051-3645-7, p. 49, Chapter 4: Classification of Viruses..
- ^ Audrey Leprince, Jacques Mahillon: Phage Adsorption to Gram-Positive Bacteria. In: MDPI: Viruses. Volume 15, No. 1, October 29, 2022, p. 196, doi:10.3390/v15010196.
- ^ Protein Data Bank in Europe: NMR structure of the gpu tail protein from lambda bacteriophage. On: ebi.ac.uk
- ^ Matthew Dunne, Nikolai S. Prokhorov, Martin J. Loessner, Petr G. Leiman: Reprogramming bacteriophage host range: design principles and strategies for engineering receptor binding proteins. In: Current Opinion in Biotechnology. Volume 68, April 2021, pp. 272–281, doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2021.02.006.
- ^ Laso-Pérez, Rafael; Wu, Fabai; Crémière, Antoine; Speth, Daan R.; Magyar, John S.; Zhao, Kehan; Krupovic, Mart; Orphan, Victoria J. (2023-01-19). "Evolutionary diversification of methanotrophic ANME-1 archaea and their expansive virome". Nature Microbiology. 8 (2): 231–245. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01297-4. ISSN 2058-5276. PMC 9894754. PMID 36658397.
- ^ Yu Zhang, Zhongjie Zhu, Yuchan Ma, Zhifeng Fu: Paper-based analytical device integrated with bacteriophage tail fiber protein for bacteria detection and antimicrobial susceptibility test. In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics, volume 239, November 1, 2023, p. 115629; doi:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115629.
Sources
[edit]- Reynolds, M.M.; Theodore, L. (2023). "Virus Structure and Classification". A Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists: Epidemiology, Emergency Management, and Optimization. Wiley. pp. 24–27. ISBN 978-1-119-85313-8. Retrieved 2024-11-30.