Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton

His Grace
The Duke of Grafton
KG
His Grace The Duke of Grafton KG
Vice-Admiral of England
	In office; 1682–1689
Preceded by	The Duke of Cumberland
Succeeded by	The Earl of Torrington
Personal details
Born	Henry FitzRoy; 28 September 1663
Died	9 October 1690 (aged 27); Cork, Ireland
Spouse	Isabella Bennet, 2nd Countess of Arlington (m. 1672)
Children	Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton
Parent(s)	Charles II of England; Barbara Villiers, 1st Duchess of Cleveland

Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, KG (28 September 1663 – 9 October 1690) was an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England and his mistress Barbara Villiers. A military commander, Henry FitzRoy was appointed colonel of the Grenadier Guards in 1681 and Vice-Admiral of England from 1682 to 1689. He was killed in the storming of Cork during the Williamite–Jacobite War in 1690.

Early life and military career

Born to Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine in 1663, Henry FitzRoy was an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England,^[1] the second by Barbara Villiers. His mother was the daughter of William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison, a colonel of one of King Charles I's regiments who was killed in action during the Civil War. On 1 August 1672, at the age of eight, marriage was arranged to the five-year-old Isabella, daughter and heiress of Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington. A wedding ceremony took place on 4 November 1679 witnessed and recorded by John Evelyn in his diary of that date describing him as "exceedingly handsome, by far surpassing any of the Kings other naturall Issue". At the time of his marriage, Henry FitzRoy was created Baron Sudbury, Viscount Ipswich, and Earl of Euston. In 1675, he was created Duke of Grafton, and Charles II made him a Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1680. He was appointed colonel of the Grenadier Guards in 1681.^[1]

FitzRoy was brought up as a sailor and saw military action at the siege of Luxembourg in 1684.^[2] In that year, he received a warrant to supersede Sir Robert Holmes as Governor of the Isle of Wight, when the latter was charged with making false musters. However, Holmes was acquitted by court-martial and retained the governorship. In 1686 he killed John Talbot, brother of the Earl of Shrewsbury, in a duel, Talbot having given Grafton some "unhandsome and provoking language".^[3] He was appointed Vice-Admiral of the Narrow Seas from 1685 to 1687.^[4] At King James II's coronation, Grafton was Lord High Constable. During the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth he commanded the royal troops in Somerset. However, he later acted with John Churchill, and joined William of Orange to overthrow the King in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.^[2]

Death

FitzRoy died in Ireland in 1690 of a wound received at the storming of Cork while leading William's forces,^[2] aged 27. His body was returned to England for burial—with some internal organs removed and buried (in Ballintemple, Cork) to preserve his remains for transport.^[5]

In October 1697, his widow, Isabella, married Sir Thomas Hanmer,^[1] a young Flintshire baronet, who became Speaker of the House of Commons and an authority on the works of William Shakespeare. She died in 1723.

Legacy

The Duke of Grafton owned land in what was then countryside near Dublin, Ireland, which later became part of the city. A country lane on this land eventually developed into Grafton Street,^[6] one of Dublin's main streets. Grafton Alley in Cork, close to where he was shot, also bears his name.^[7]

Arms

Coat of arms of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton
	Coronet A Coronet of a Duke Crest On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or ducally crowned Azure and gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and of the fourth. Escutcheon The Royal Arms of Charles II, viz Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister compony of six pieces Argent and Azure. Supporters Dexter: a Lion guardant Or ducally crowned Azure; Sinister: a Greyhound Argent, each gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and Azure. Motto Et Decus Et Pretium Recti (Latin: "The ornament and recompense of virtue")

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton

8. James I of England

4. Charles I of England

9. Anne of Denmark

2. Charles II of England

10. Henry IV of France

5. Henrietta Maria of France

11. Marie de' Medici

1. Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton

12. Sir Edward Villiers

6. William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison

13. Barbara St John

3. Barbara Villiers

14. Paul Bayning, 1st Viscount Bayning

7. Mary Bayning

15. Anne Glemham

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b ^c Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Fitzroy, Henry (1663-1690)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 19. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grafton, Dukes of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–317.
^ Wilson, John Harold (1976). Court Satires of the Restoration. Ohio State University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8142-0249-4.
^ Bays, John (2015). "Royal Bastards and Mistresses: The Shadow Courts of Restoration England". Charleston, IL: Eastern Illinois University. p. 17. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
^ Wolseley, Garnet Joseph (1894). The life of John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, to the accession of Queen Anne. R. Bentley and Son. p. 201.
^ "Grafton Street". The Irish Times. 27 January 1931.
^ Johnson, Gina (2002). The Laneways of Medieval Cork (PDF). Cork City Council. p. 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2012.

Political offices
Preceded by The Duke of Cumberland	Vice-Admiral of England 1682–1689	Succeeded by The Earl of Torrington
Honorary titles
Vacant Title last held by The Earl of Northumberland	Lord High Constable of England 1685	Vacant Title next held by The Duke of Ormonde
Preceded by The Earl of Arlington	Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk 1685–1689	Succeeded by The Lord Cornwallis
Military offices
Preceded by John Russell	Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards 1681–1688	Succeeded by The Earl of Lichfield
Preceded by The Earl of Lichfield	Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards 1688–1689	Succeeded by Henry Sydney
Peerage of England
New creation	Duke of Grafton 1675–1690	Succeeded by Charles FitzRoy
New creation	Earl of Euston 1672–1690	Succeeded by Charles FitzRoy

[dnb-1] Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Fitzroy, Henry (1663-1690)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 19. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

[EB1911-2] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grafton, Dukes of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–317.

[3] Wilson, John Harold (1976). Court Satires of the Restoration. Ohio State University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8142-0249-4.

[4] Bays, John (2015). "Royal Bastards and Mistresses: The Shadow Courts of Restoration England". Charleston, IL: Eastern Illinois University. p. 17. Retrieved 17 June 2019.

[5] Wolseley, Garnet Joseph (1894). The life of John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, to the accession of Queen Anne. R. Bentley and Son. p. 201.

[6] "Grafton Street". The Irish Times. 27 January 1931.

[7] Johnson, Gina (2002). The Laneways of Medieval Cork (PDF). Cork City Council. p. 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2012.

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